Strona Główna » Materiały dla 19.02.2023 » Strona 84

Halicarnassus The History and Legacy of the Ancient Greek City and Home to One of the Seven Wonders of the World

Halicarnassus The History and Legacy of the Ancient Greek City and Home to One of the Seven Wonders of the World
Halicarnassus: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Greek City and Home to One of the Seven Wonders of the World by Charles River Editors
English | December 7, 2016 | ISBN: 154087527X | 73 pages | EPUB | 1.66 Mb
*Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts of Halicarnassus *Includes a bibliography for further reading In 353 BCE, when King Mausolus of Halicarnassus passed away, his sister and queen Artemisia was inconsolable, but she found a way to honor him through finishing a project that they had started together during his life: the construction of a mausoleum that was so marvelous it would later be considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. She sent messengers across the ancient world to persuade the best sculptors and architects to come to southeast Anatolia to work on the king's memorial, employing only the finest craftsmen and sparing no expense in making the final resting place of Mausolus the finest tomb the world had ever seen. They labored for years, creating marvelous statues of the king's dynasty. This great monumental tomb was completed in the middle of the 4th century BCE so that the name of Mausolus would be famous forever, as indeed it has been ever since. Like one of the other wonders, the Temple of Artemis, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was huge for its type of building, being about 150 feet tall and possessing 36 columns of marble on its four sides, nine to a side. Also like the Temple of Artemis, the site of the Mausoleum includes ruins that have been excavated in modern times. Using this, an accurate scale replica has been successfully constructed in Istanbul, Turkey, and pieces of the beautiful sculpture on the Mausoleum have been retrieved. Therefore, it is one of the few Wonders that survived in some form and have directly inspired modern artists and architects. On top of it all, this is the only known major architectural Hellenistic work devoted to a secular theme (the burial of two mortals) rather than religious art dedicated to the Greek pantheon. The themes of the carvings even included many mythical enemies of the Greeks, such as the Amazons and centaurs, and the architecture was a marvel of engineering that was copied by neo-Classical buildings. The ultimate fate of the Mausoleum itself is unknown, though it was known to have survived the city's conquest by Alexander the Great in 334 BCE intact. Pirates who occupied the city in the 1st century BCE also left it unharmed, and though a series of earthquakes had reduced it to foundations by the 15th century CE, it was still intact enough to be considered a "wonder" by a Christian pilgrim, the Archbishop Eustathius of Thessalonica, in the 12th century. Unfortunately, the arrival of the Knights of St. John (the Hospitallers) in Rhodes and Bodrum spelled doom for the great structure. They used materials from it to reinforce their castle at Bodrum when it was threatened by the Turks in 1522 and burned the marble for lime, though at least they did retrieve and install the best of the sculptures in their castle. The burial chamber of Mausolus and Artemisia, which had been underground, was also looted at some point over the centuries, though husband and wife were likely cremated in the Greek fashion and buried in urns. The famous marbles were also looted in the 19th century during a three-year expedition by English archeologist Sir Charles Thomas Newton and carted off to the British Museum. Who was Mausolus, and what role did Halicarnassus serve in his kingdom? What were the city's origins, and what occurred after the mausoleum was completed? And how, exactly, did it come to be considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World? Halicarnassus: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Greek City and Home to One of the Seven Wonders of the World looks at the city and its most famous structure. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about Halicarnassus like never before.

Czytaj więcej

Haig's Tower of Strength General Sir Edward Bulfin - Ireland's Forgotten General

Haig's Tower of Strength General Sir Edward Bulfin - Ireland's Forgotten General
John Powell, "Haig's Tower of Strength: General Sir Edward Bulfin - Ireland's Forgotten General"
English | ISBN: 1526722607 | 2018 | 312 pages | EPUB | 3 MB
This is the first biography of General Sir Edward Bulfin, who rose to high rank despite his Catholic Irish republican background, at a time when sensitivities were pronounced. Not only that but by the outbreak of the Great War, Bulfin was a brigade commander despite having not attended Sandhurst or Staff College and never commanding his battalion.

Czytaj więcej

Haig and Kitchener in Twentieth-Century Britain

Haig and Kitchener in Twentieth-Century Britain
Stephen Heathorn, "Haig and Kitchener in Twentieth-Century Britain"
English | ISBN: 0754669653 | 2013 | 280 pages | EPUB | 1518 KB
Lord Kitchener and Lord Haig are two monumental figures of the First World War. Their reputations, both in their lifetimes and after their deaths, have been attacked and defended, scrutinized and contested. They have been depicted in film, print and public memorials in Britain and the wider world, and new biographies of both men appear to this day. The material representations of Haig and Kitchener were shaped, used and manipulated for official and popular ends by a variety of groups at different times during the twentieth century. The purpose of this study is not to discover the real individual, nor to attack or defend their reputations, rather it is an exploration of how both men have been depicted since their deaths and to consider what this tells us about the nature and meaning of First World War commemoration. While Haig's representation was more contested before the Second World War than was Kitchener's, with several constituencies trying to fashion and use Haig's memory - the Government, the British Legion, ex-servicemen themselves, and bereaved families - it was probably less contested, but overwhelmingly more negative, than Kitchener's after the Second World War. The book sheds light on the notion of 'heroic' masculinity - questioning, in particular, the degree to which the image of the common soldier replaced that of the high commander in the popular imagination - and explores how the military heritage in the twentieth century came into collision with the culture of modernity. It also contributes to ongoing debates in British historiography and to the larger debates over the social construction of memory, the problematic relation between what is considered 'heritage' and 'history', and the need for historians to be sensitive and attentive to the interconnections between heritage and history and their contexts.

Czytaj więcej

HOW TO BEAT CANCER A Comprehensive Guide on Cancer Prevention, Reversal and Treatments

HOW TO BEAT CANCER A Comprehensive Guide on Cancer Prevention, Reversal and Treatments
HOW TO BEAT CANCER A Comprehensive Guide on Cancer Prevention, Reversal and Treatments by Joyce Sebastian
English | 2022 | ISBN: N/A | ASIN: B0BRC16MS5 | 125 pages | EPUB | 0.19 Mb
The words "You have cancer" may be terrifying and can strike you in the heart with a thud, shocking and terrifying you. It seems that we have virtually little control over this fatal illness. It seems to target innocent people for no apparent reason, as if it were a ruthless game of chance with very high stakes. Treatments that are exceptionally harsh and terrifying in themselves while producing very poor outcomes add to the stress and worry that come with a cancer diagnosis.

Czytaj więcej

Gurps Zombies, 4th Edition

Gurps Zombies, 4th Edition
Sean Punch, Alex Fernandez, Kris Justice, "Gurps Zombies, 4th Edition"
English | 2013 | ISBN: 1556348053 | PDF | pages: 163 | 11.8 mb
Braaains! Zombies have shuffled into mainstream cinema, television, and digital games. They've even crept into the news! And now, thanks to the power of GURPS, they've battered down the walls of horror roleplaying. GURPS Zombies covers a horde of shamblers and infected freaks, from the ritually drugged slaves, through flesh-eating ghouls, to fantasy undead... and beyond! Curses, plagues, magic, mad science: if it turns people into mindless monsters, it's here. Zombies helps the Game Master design and deploy zombies in any genre, while giving the players the advice they need to tackle the roles of hard-boiled survivors. Whether zombies are a one-off encounter or a world-destroying apocalypse, GURPS Zombies can bring any campaign back from the dead.

Czytaj więcej

Gun Barrel Politics Party-Army Relations in Mao's China

Gun Barrel Politics Party-Army Relations in Mao's China
Fang Zhu, "Gun Barrel Politics: Party-Army Relations in Mao's China"
English | ISBN: 0367160331 | 2020 | 274 pages | EPUB | 586 KB
This book tests the model of civil-military dualism to explain People's Liberation Army's (PLA) political engagement and its loyalty to the party in Maoist China. It explores how the party maintained its control― through penetration of the armed forces or non-intervention and civilian control.

Czytaj więcej

Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries

Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries
Alberto Guenzi, "Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries"
English | ISBN: 1840142839 | | 528 pages | EPUB | 2 MB
The purpose of this volume is to provide a conspectus of current research on the history of guilds and corporations in Italy in the period from the Renaissance to the end of the 19th century. Particular aims are to examine the relationship between guilds, manufacturing, entrepreneurship, and economic development, and their impact on urban society and social welfare. The work derives from a major project set up in 1994; the results were discussed at a conference in Rome in September 1997, and formed the basis for a further presentation by Professor Carlo Poni at the 12th International Economic History Conference in Seville. The papers are grouped into three sections, dealing with the guild system in urban areas, case studies of individual guilds and conflicts, and their role in mutual aid and assistance. Specially translated for this volume, they trace for the English-speaking world a rich picture of the history of the Italian guild system in the modern era, and its movement from magnificence to decline.

Czytaj więcej

Growing Old with the Welfare State Eight British Lives

Growing Old with the Welfare State Eight British Lives
Nick Hubble, "Growing Old with the Welfare State: Eight British Lives"
English | ISBN: 135003309X | 2019 | 176 pages | EPUB | 904 KB
The combined effect of the welfare state and medical advances means that more people now live longer lives than ever before in history. As a consequence, the experience of ageing has been transformed. Yet our cultural and social perceptions of ageing remain governed by increasingly dated images and narratives.

Czytaj więcej
strzałka do góry